Introduction: Pluralism and Polarization
Laurence J. Kirmayer - Pluralism and Polarization: Antinomies of Mind and the Eclipse of Human Rights in a Globalizing World
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Muhammad Fraser-Rahim -听The Making of American Islam and the emergence of Western Islamic Intellectual Thought to Prevent Violent Extremism: A Case Study of American Muslim Revivalist, Imam W.D. Mohammed (1933-2008)
This paper explores the intersection of Islamic reform, identity and religious pluralism in the West. Imam W.D. Mohammed led the largest mass conversion of indigenous American Muslims to mainstream Islam, and rejected his fathers divisive teachings to develop a global Muslim movement. In this 50 year counter-radicalization effort in America, Imam W.D Mohammed channeled real and/or perceived frustrations based on the racial climate in America, and channeled resentment through the legal and political institutions of the country. Furthermore, the communities innovative techniques articulated by the late Imam W.D Mohammed rooted in classical Islam, has created immunity within its membership and has not produced a single member who has joined a transnational terrorist movement. Lastly, the model employed by this Imam can serve in other Western democracies throughout the world, and continues to produce members who are doctors, sports figures, entertainers, military veterans, congressmen and ordinary law abiding citizens who promote pluralism and inter-faith dialogue.
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Carola Tize -听To be 鈥楾olerated鈥� for Decades: The Intergenerational Effects of Temporary Protection Amongst Palestinian Refugees in Berlin
This paper examines the intergenerational effects of long-term 鈥榯oleration鈥� (Duldung), the temporary protection status given to a large population of Palestinian refugees in Germany. On the one hand, the status provided important humanitarian relief for Palestinians escaping the dismal conditions of the refugee camps, as well as the civil war in Lebanon in in the late 1980鈥檚 and early 1990鈥檚. On the other hand, Duldung subjected young families seeking safety to continuous and long standing insecurity through constant threats of deportation and detention. This paper highlights how parents鈥� fears for the safety of their family has affected how second generation children view and socially navigate their environment. Nineteen months of ethnographic research contextualize the story of one 鈥榯ypical鈥� family in their quest to find security amidst the large Palestinian communities in Berlin - all sharing the same fate of long lasting liminality, and constant wavering between hope and disillusionment. The intergenerational perspective provides insight into how structural elements influence everyday life and parenting, and sub- sequentially, how youths negotiate and view their futures. For the youths, the effects of Duldung contribute to distrust, fear, and feelings of rejection from their host country. The paper concludes that the simmering discontent in a large refugee collective with a lack of future perspective and feelings of hopelessness, has left a possible pool for reactive ethnicities, and fertile grounds contributing to polarization.
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Gilles Bibeau & Keira Mecheri听-听Theopathology at the Interface Between Extreme Ideologies and Religious Fanaticism: Psychic and Social Defenses in the Face of Hate Discourses and Practices
In a globalized world in which the figure of the other tends to be erased as a principle of differentiation, extremist ideologies tend to interweave religion with politics, and appear to be more and more enmeshed in discourses/practices of fanaticism. Clinicians and social scientists have disclosed the destructive effects of violent engagements in the psyche of certain individuals and in the functioning of societies. They have also demonstrated that extreme ideologies infiltrate the thinking of both the dominant and the excluded, and constitute a trap from which nobody can escape. Two sets of data will serve as a basis for thinking about psychic and social defense mechanisms: first, the results of field studies conducted in Middle East, Maghreb and Europe among violent groups of youth: and second, the discussion of a few clinical cases of youngsters who have engaged in violent activities. The notion of theopathology will serve as a key category for understanding both the anthropological and psychological data.
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